CIOIN

Gather a few hundred CIOs in a room for a day and talk of cloud computing billows forth. For CIOs who are already dabbling, projected savings are debated. From bullish analysts and eager vendors, more dazzling benefits are predicted. Yet just as quickly come the caveats. Questions abound on security, reliability and control over corporate data. The biggest shadow of all is cast over what, exactly, cloud computing means

A recent academic study identified at least 22 definitions of 'cloud computing' in common use, from the broad notion of using the Internet to access any sort of managed technology services to the wideeyed optimist's view that a diverse, powerful lineup of cloud services will be delivered in real time by crash-proof distributed servers "without complicated deployment worries."

The sorry economy is prompting more CIOs to explore cloud computing and its cost-cutting promise, says Doug Tracy, former global CTO for Rolls-Royce. "But it's still an idea that a lot of people don't know a whole lot about."

The core attraction of the cloud is that companies can avoid buying and running hardware, software and other equipment by contracting with a services vendor to run selected systems or applications on its own infrastructure of virtualized servers. The 'services' you purchase are delivered in a standardized, multi-tenancy fashion that observers say will save one-third to one-half of your current costs.

That's certainly appealing as this recession forces CIOs to seek ever-greater efficiencies from IT infrastructures already as lean as starving wolves. "We're under tremendous pressure to provide flexibility and agility and to be driving cost models down," says Charles Soto, vice president of IT at Motorola's Broadband Mobility Solutions business, which recently tested cloud computing services for four different applications. But thinking that cloud computing will release an instant reservoir of savings is a mistake, he adds. To Arthur Winn, head of pricing at BT Group, the cloud is nothing but a marketing term. The $41 billion (about Rs 205,000 crore) London telecommunications company has been doing what could be considered cloud computing for several years, he says. That is, handing over BT customer calling data to a third party to analyze and then let BT access via the Internet. "As long as we are getting more service for less money each year, we're happy," he says. Making decisions about an over-hyped, under-delivering technology amid today's unrelenting economic pressures certainly isn't easy. So to help uncloud your thinking, we looked into exactly how several companies across various industries are experimenting with cloud computing.

What we found is that the cloud is an umbrella term for many services, including SaaS and virtualization - anything but traditional computing behind the walls of your own datacenter. If you're worried about being behind the cloud curve, don't be.

Spinning the hype Cycle

CIOs recognize this latest hype cycle all too well. When client-server computing was all the early-90s' rage, every vendor slapped the term onto its marketing pitch whether it fit or not. Then it was data warehousing lining up to provide a single view of all your customers at the touch of a button. Next came ERP systems intended to replace the disparate best-of-breed software across business operations. All of these hype-cycled technologies eventually had a significant impact on corporate computing environments, but invariably at much greater complexity and expense than initially promised. First, a definition of the cloud that most CIOs understand: You don't own software or hardware and, unlike outsourcing, no equipment is dedicated to you. You access vendor's systems over the Net in a secured way. For that access, you pay a subscription fee that rises or falls with how much or how often you draw on the vendor's systems.

Google, for example, offers office basics such as e-mail and word processing, with password protection and a per-user fee. Amazon offers substantial systems such as complete e-commerce or storage facilities, and charges per hour or per gigabyte for various configurations. From a newcomer such as Seattle-based Skytap, which provides virtual datacenter services, you get access to application development and testing environments for a monthly base charge and pay extra for virtual-machine, storage and data-transfer options. Cloud permutations range from network plumbing to business applications. But using a cloud of someone else's technologies isn't as simple as calling Amazon  and then writing a check every month, cautions Motorola's Soto.

He would love to re-jig Motorola's IT to match computing power and cost-touser demand, whether it falls during a bad economy or rises during a good one. "How do we find a consumption-based model to pay for what we use, to be able to spin them up quickly or shut down without having to be burdened with depreciation schedules in the normal IT process?" he asks.

That idea appeals to many IT leaders considering cloud computing, says Tom Pettibone, managing partner of consulting firm Transition Partners. CIOs have had to design their datacenters to take peak loads. But during off-peak times, that capacity sits unused and idling at great expense, Pettibone says. "That costs you every day."

Game Changing ability

In the Skytap experiment, Motorola put four apps on Skytap servers: a project management tracker, a Web design app , an IT asset management database and a Microsoft Active Directory app. For $1,000 (about Rs 50,000), a small group of Motorola employees could test how those apps worked on Skytap's cloud for 30 days.

Motorola is used to getting IT from outside, with 33 SaaS apps in production, including Salesforce.com. But what the cloud experiments showed is that agility and savings come with trade-offs. While Soto estimates the cost at one-third to one-half of what Motorola normally spends on those apps, Skytap's security needs work, he says. Motorola's people could see each other's data, he says. "That's very significant."

Plus, adds Sujit Sinha, senior director of IT strategy and architecture at Motorola, complying with SOX rules about segregation of duties in the cloud appears difficult. "We didn't see a way to segregate who has rights to do what," Sinha says. That raises concerns about failing a SOX audit, which requires clear evidence of employee assignments that present no conflicts of interest when handling company financial data. Skytap is learning from its customers, says Ian Knox, the vendor's director of product management. Security settings can be changed to protect data from the eyes of others, he says. A few weeks after Motorola's test ended, Skytap added several reporting and role-based access features to address SOX concerns, Knox adds. In cloud computing in general, Sinha notes, other issues also need to be worked out, such as who has rights to your data. With no universally accepted terms of what a cloud vendor can and cannot do, he says, "you have to work it out in your contracts." Despite the obstacles, Motorola is moving forward with its cloud initiatives. Next, they will pilot cloud services from a bigger player and, soon, they hope to have a small cloud application in production. Says Soto: "We'd do it yesterday if we could."

Game Changing ability

At BT, what Winn considers a cloud began years ago. Winn's group, which sets rates and deals for cell phone calling plans, had to compete with other departments for time on BT's internal, massively parallel servers. The group couldn't get enough time to test new pricing ideas, Winn says, so they looked outside the company for computing power BT contracted with Kognitio for "data warehousing as a service," done on the vendor's servers on data BT ships via the Internet. Each month, BT sends the vendor hundreds of millions of call center records, or about 3.6TB of data. Kognitio then performs regression analysis so BT can study customer churn, for example, and what-if scenarios to discover how new price plans would play out. BT pricing specialists can log in to Kognitio's machines through a Citrix server to play around with the data, making queries using Business Objects tools. "The concept of interested people sharing a common resource has been around forever," Winn says. "It's the model of the combine harvester." Augmenting its computing resources this way has allowed BT to launch groundbreaking cell phone plans. A few years back, cell phone competition was a race to the lowest per-minute rate. BT wanted to know whether capped pricing would be profitable. That is, no call would ever cost more than, say, five pence. By applying that theoretical pricing package to a month's worth of real calling data from every BT customer, the company determined that such a scheme would be profitable. So BT went ahead with it. "BT is never going to be the lowest per minute," Winn says. "We needed to change the game." Winn's group might have done such modeling with Excel spreadsheets on a subset of BT data. But aggregates and averages are a risky way to model, he says. Abstractions can distort results. Working out pricing problems on Kognitio's servers lets BT use actual customer data - and lots of it. "When the answer comes out, it has a lot more credibility," he says. "This isn't a few assumptions in a spreadsheet. It is truly penny perfect."

A Cloud by any other name

A Cloud by any other name

Jim Swartz, CIO of Sybase, sees potential in cloud computing but isn't ready to give up  data to a third-party host. Instead, he has virtualized Sybase's servers - essentially creating his own private cloud - so he can study the best way to use the architecture. At Sybase, a private cloud of virtual servers inside its datacenter has saved nearly $2 million (about Rs 10 crore) annually since 2006, Swartz says, because the company can share computing power and storage resources across servers. The virtual setup also lets Sybase move data electronically from one physical site to another, for a more agile disaster recovery program.

Whenever you hear the term private cloud, understand that it's "nothing more than virtualization," notes David Linthicum, principal of Linthicum Group, a consulting firm that specializes in enterprise architecture and Web technologies. Virtualization lets CIOs take advantage of the economics of cloud computing but within their own walls and under their own control.

Virtualization has certainly saved money for Norton Healthcare, a non-profit hospital system, although CIO Joe DeVenuto declines to cite exact figures. Norton recently revamped its datacenter with vendor Emerson Network Power, installing 160 virtual servers. The goal was to milk every drop of computing power and storage capacity from its machines. Virtual servers scale up and down fast, and new ones can be added in less time than it takes to configure a traditional server, DeVenuto notes.

Cloud vendors might be even more efficient than he is, De-Venuto says, but that extra oomph isn't worth the risk of letting go of patient data from Norton's four hospitals, 10 urgent care facilities and 60 doctor's offices. He would consider cloud for disaster recovery, he says, but not for primary computing. "I'm fairly conservative. It's a struggle for me to put patient information in the public cloud." e-mail optionS to explore

One organization more willing to farm outsome of its data is the United States Golf Association, which governs the rules of golf and runs 13 championships every year. Dailyoperations at the USGA rely heavily ontheir own e-mail system because they are incontinual contact with their constituencies, such as state and regional golf associations, USGA members, championship host clubsand the general golfing community. Even an hour of downtime would cause majordisruption to this workflow, says JessicaCarroll, managing director of IT.

Carroll wanted to revise an existing e-mailbackup plan that would take hours or days torecover. Under theplan, IT would handle theentire recovery process, including orderingnew hardware to start from scratch. To takethe weight off her team's shoulders and tomake sure the company wouldn't lose data or productivity, she signed a deal with IBM to host a replication of USGA's e-mail system in IBM's datacenters. If a USGA server hits a problem, Carroll can click a button to switch to the replicated version that IBM maintains for her without USGA users noticing a thing. Then her IT department can fix the internal issues. The e-mail system carries USGA's most critical data, such as membership information and correspondences between the constituents. But before Carroll could feel comfortable with the deal, she extracted stringent servicelevel promises from IBM. For example, in the event of a short-term outage like as a hardware failure, IBM must immediately provide a year's worth of backed-up e-mails for senior management of the USGA staff so they can continue work. In the event of a fullblown crash, IBM would provide multiple years' worth of messages. The hardware and software for this kind of backup and recovery system would have cost the USGA too much to do on its own, Carroll says. Hamilton Beach Brands also dipped a toe into cloud computing via e-mail. When the time came to upgrade Lotus Notes last year, the appliance company hesitated. Hamilton Beach hadn't refreshed Notes in three years and Jerry Hodge, senior director of information services, knew jumping from Notes 6.53 to version 8 would force him to upgrade his IBM iSeries servers and retrain the 500 users on the system. A lot of expensive work just for e-mail, he thought. Hodge asked his staff to look into Google's Gmail service, among other alternatives. E-mail isn't a competitive differentiator, he reasoned. By subscribing to Gmail for a monthly per-user fee, Hamilton Beach would avoid the expense of new hardware, software licenses and training. Because Google provides archiving and retrieval, Hodge also figured he'd save on items such as backup tapes and disks and the IT labor to support electronic discovery for lawsuits or audits. "Over five years, the cost would be half," he says. Such savings in capital and ongoing operating expenses were too compelling to pass up, he says. "Let someone in the cloud run e-mail and free up my guys' time to work on stuff that does make a difference."

Doubting the Cloud

Doubting the Cloud

It's one thing to put a basic, almost selfcontained system like e-mail into the hands of an outside service provider. Quite another to off-load more interdependent applications filled with sensitive customer or competitive data, says Tracy, who recently left RollsRoyce to become CIO of Dana Corp. "I don't think there's a mad rush for people to put their ERP systems in the clouds," he says. For Tracy and other skeptics, security and reliability issues raise serious questions. Outages of Gmail for several hours in February and April frustrated a mass of customers. Amazon, too, has experienced outages due to authentication overloads and other problems. How much these issues matter will vary depending on the criticality of the system and the risk tolerance of a CIO, Tracy says. Security is especially important at RollsRoyce, which makes such items as jet engines for military aircraft and power systems for Navy ships. (The fancy cars are made by BMW.) As a defense contractor, the company is bound by strict federal technology and physical security regulations. He contemplated cloud computing but not with Amazon or Google partly because, he says, they won't let customers inspect their datacenters - and that's a show-stopper for Tracy. "You say you want to try cloud computing, but it's only a few hundred bucks a month to them and they say it's not cost effective to allow this tour," he says. Google, for one, has heard this criticism before. Its response is that customers can feel comfortable with Google Apps because its systems and processes have passed a SAS 70 Type II audit of controls in place to protect data. Google has also published on its enterprise blog some of the ways it manages customer information. That helps a little, Tracy says, but it's far from enough when he worries about exporting sensitive data. "That requires us to understand where the data is hosted and who has access, [even] the nationality of everyone who is a system administrator," he explains. "That's not feasible in cloud computing, where processing could be in any datacenter around the country at any given moment."

the people CoStS

Adopting cloud whole hog could cut IT staff by 10 percent to 15 percent, according to McKinsey. That's just what no one below the CIO wants to hear. At Hamilton Beach, which simply handed over e-mail to Google, Hodge says he saw fear. "My team was apprehensive about the cloud. Thought it would put them out of a job." But no one has lost his job because of cloud computing, he adds. Instead, he's been able to reassign duties to let staffers do more productive work in areas such as business continuity. At a CIO Perspectives gathering of IT leaders, the enthusiasm about cloud computing's potential was tempered by sobering worries about early-stage hurdles. Still, the group estimated that within five years, between 25 and 30 percent of most companies' IT strategies will include cloud services. "The will to experiment is there," notes Shiva Swamy, executive vice president of IT services firm ZSL and one of the attendees. "Surely the bad economy provides the impetus, but there are many unknowns that we all have to figure out together."